Upper respiratory tract infections
Common Cold Coughing Symptoms - Treatment Remedies
Common Cold Coughing Symptoms - Treatment Remedies
Referred to the sense of common cold . Including nasal cavity, pharynx or larynx acute
inflammation in general. Generalized flu is not a diagnosis, but a group of
diseases, including the common cold, viral pharyngitis , laryngitis , herpes
angina , pharyngeal conjunctival
fever , bacterial throat - tonsillitis . On
the narrow sense, also known as the common cold is the most common acute
respiratory infections, mostly self-limiting, but a higher incidence. Adult
occurred 2 to 4 times per year, a higher incidence of children, 6 to 8 times a
year. Year round onset of winter and spring more.
Another name The common cold, the flu
English name upper respiratory tract infection
Department visits Respiratory Medicine
Common cause Viral infection, bacterial infection Expert
Interpretation
Never get angry prevent colds start
To drink more water, eat less spicy, fatty food, work and
rest, proper rest, wash your hands ... ...
Disease Overview
Table of Contents
1 cause
2 Clinical manifestations
3 inspection
4 diagnosis
5 Differential Diagnosis
6 treatment
7 prognosis
8 Prevention
Cause of URTI :
Upper respiratory tract infection 70% to 80% caused by a
virus. Including rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, influenza and
parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, echovirus, Coxsackie virus.
The flu and another 20% to 30% is caused by bacteria. Direct infection or
bacterial infection secondary to viral infection after to hemolytic
streptococcus is the most common, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, pneumonia
bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, or even for Gram-negative bacteria.
Various reasons led to systemic or local defense function to
reduce the respiratory tract, such as cold, rain, abrupt climate change,
fatigue, etc. can already exists in the upper respiratory tract or from outside
intrusion multiply rapidly viruses or bacteria, and induce the disease. Young
and old, infirm, immunocompromised patients susceptible to or suffering from
chronic respiratory disease.
Clinical manifestations
Depending on the cause and extent of disease, clinical
manifestations may have different types:
1. The common cold
Commonly known as " cold ", also known as acute
rhinitis or upper respiratory catarrh, multi caused by rhinovirus, followed by
coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, echovirus,
Coxsackie virus and other causes.
More acute onset latency period ranging from 1 to 3 days,
varies with the virus, enterovirus short, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial
virus and so long together. Mainly for nasal symptoms, such as sneezing, nasal
congestion, watery nose, can also be expressed as cough, throat, throat itching
or burning sensation, even a sense of post-nasal drip. May have sneezing,
stuffy nose, watery nose and other symptoms at the same time or a few hours
after the onset. 2 to 3 days nose thickens, often accompanied by sore throat,
watery eyes, taste loss, shortness of breath, hoarseness and so on. Usually no
fever and systemic symptoms, or only a low fever, malaise, mild chills,
headache . Examination shows nasal mucosal congestion, edema , secretions,
throat mild hyperemia.
May have hearing loss and other symptoms of inflammation
when complicated by the eustachian tube. Purulent sputum or severe lower
respiratory tract symptoms suggestive of viral infection with rhinovirus
outside or secondary bacterial infections. If no complications, 5 to 7 days to
heal.
2. Acute venereal toxicity pharyngitis or laryngitis
(1) acute venereal toxicity pharyngitis more by rhinovirus,
adenovirus, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses and intestinal virus,
respiratory syncytial virus and other causes. Clinical features of throat
itching or burning sensation, coughing rare, sore throat obvious. Pain when
swallowing, often suggestive of streptococcal infection . Influenza virus and
adenovirus infection may have fever and fatigue when. Adenovirus pharyngitis
may be associated with conjunctivitis. Examination pharyngeal hyperemia and
edema , submandibular lymph nodes and tenderness.
(2) acute venereal toxicity laryngitis caused more by
rhinovirus, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses and so
on. Clinical features of hoarseness, speech difficulties, cough pain, often
fever, sore throat or cough. Examination shows laryngeal edema , congestion,
local lymph mild swelling and tenderness, audible wheezing and throat.
3. Acute herpes angina
Often caused by the Coxsackie virus A, showed significant
sore throat, fever, course of about one week, more than the onset of summer,
more common in children, occasionally in adults. Examination shows congestion
pharynx, soft palate, uvula, tonsils and pharynx gray surface herpes and
superficial ulcers, surrounded by flush, after the formation of herpes.
4. Pharyngoconjunctival heat
Mainly by adenovirus, Coxsackie virus and other causes. The
clinical manifestations of fever, sore throat, photophobia, lacrimation,
pharynx and conjunctival examination shows significant congestion. Duration of
four to six days, often occurs in the summer, more common in children, swimmers
easy to spread.
5. Bacterial throat - Tonsillitis
More from hemolytic streptococcus, followed by Haemophilus
influenzae, pneumonia bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and other causes. Acute
onset, obviously sore throat, chills, fever (body temperature up to 39 ℃).
Examination shows obvious throat congestion, swollen tonsils, redness, surface
with yellow purulent discharge, submandibular lymph nodes, tenderness, no
abnormal signs lungs.
Inspection
1. Blood
When viral infections, normal or low white blood cell count,
increased proportion of lymphocytes; bacterial infection, white blood cell
count often increased neutrophils increased or left shift phenomenon.
2. pathogenic examination
Because many virus types, and explicit types of treatment
had no significant help, usually without a clear etiology checks.
Immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus isolation and
identification, serology, etc. necessary to determine the virus type available.
Can determine the type of bacteria bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test
done to guide clinical practice.
Diagnosis
According to history, epidemiology, symptoms and signs of
the nasopharynx, combined with peripheral blood and a negative chest radiograph
can make a clinical diagnosis, generally without etiological diagnosis. Under
special circumstances viable bacterial culture or virus isolation or serology
and other identified pathogens.
Differential Diagnosis
The disease shall be the initial presentation of influenza
-like symptoms to identify other diseases:
1. Allergic rhinitis
Like "clinically cold "differences include:
(1) rapid onset, nasal itching, sneezing frequently, was
watery nose, no fever, cough less;
(2) multi caused by allergic factors such as mites, dust,
animal fur, cold and other stimuli;
(3) as from allergies, and within a few minutes to 2 hours,
the symptoms disappear;
(4) examination shows pale nasal mucosa, edema ;
(5) an increase in nasal secretions smear shows eosinophils.
2. Pandemic flu
Influenza virus-induced acute respiratory infectious
diseases, contagious, often have a wide range of popular. Clinical features:
(1) acute onset, systemic symptoms, chills, fever, body
aches, eye conjunctivitis disease significantly, some patients have nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms.
(2) nasopharyngeal mild symptoms.
(3) the virus is influenza virus, or if necessary, can be
isolated by viral serological diagnosis.
(4) The early use of influenza antiviral drugs such as
amantadine, oseltamivir significant effect.
(5) can be prevented by a flu shot.
3. Acute infectious diseases
Some acute infectious diseases (such as measles , epidemic
hemorrhagic fever , meningococcal meningitis , polio , typhoid fever , rash
typhoid ) in the early prevalence of frequent upper respiratory symptoms,
epidemic season in endemic areas or those diseases should be closely observed,
and the necessary laboratory tests, are provided for identification.
(1) Measles symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection
symptoms prodromal period, about 90% of patients in the 2 to 3 days after the
onset of visible small white spots (Coriolis spot), not in the sense of the
maxillary second molar parts of the buccal mucosa Coriolis spots.
(2) epidemic hemorrhagic fever is the main source of
infection of rodents, with a regional epidemic. May have headaches , back pain,
orbital pain (commonly known as the three pain) symptoms, fever, bleeding and
kidney damage for three large main symptoms typical of patients may have fever,
hypotension, shock period, oliguria, polyuria and recovery phase 5 period. The
sense of mild systemic symptoms, mainly in the nasopharynx catarrhal symptoms.
(3) epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in patients with early
part of a sore throat, nasopharyngeal secretions increase symptoms quickly into
sepsis and meningitis period, chills, fever, headache , rash. The latter can
have a severe headache, meningeal irritation disease. The main source of
infection are carriers, spread by droplets.
(4) Polio is polio acute infectious disease caused by a
virus, not the application of vaccines for children susceptible. Prodromal
symptoms of the flu occur mostly in part into the paralysis early, rise in body
temperature, limb pain, sensory nervous system symptoms of allergy, paralyzed
limb asymmetry is, flaccid paralysis , more common in unilateral lower limb.
(5) typhoid fever lasting most early symptoms may be
associated with the flu symptoms, but often bradycardia, splenomegaly or
roseola, typhoid etiology and serology positive, longer course.
(6) spotted typhus epidemic typhus more common in winter,
endemic typhus common in the summer. General acute onset, pulse than the speed,
there is obviously more than a headache . 5 to 6 days after onset rash, quantity
and may have hemorrhagic rash. Felix reaction was positive.
Treatment
Symptomatic Treatment
(1) rest sicker or elderly and infirm should rest in bed,
avoid tobacco, drinking water, indoor ventilation.
(2) anti-inflammatory such as fever, headache, muscle pain
and other symptoms, the choice of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as compound
aspirin, acetaminophen, indomethacin (indomethacin), pain tablets, cloth
ibuprofen and so on. Sore throat lozenges available in a variety of pieces such
as lysozyme, Jianmin throat tablets, such as oral or Chinese Liushen.
(3) a decongestant nasal congestion, nasal congestion and
edema , you can use pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, ephedrine intranasal also be
1%.
(4) antihistamines flu nasal mucosa often have increased
sensitivity, frequent sneezing, runny nose, the choice of chlorpheniramine
maleate or diphenhydramine and other antihistamines.
(5) antitussive cough for more obvious, could be given
dextromethorphan, such as antitussives Pentoxyverine.
The Specific treatment of Uper Respiratory tract Infection
(1) antibiotic therapy simplex virus infection without the
use of antibiotics, have elevated white blood cell count, when pus moss throat,
cough yellow sputum and other evidence of bacterial infection, may be
appropriate use of penicillin, the first-generation cephalosporins, macrolides
class or quinolones. Rarely need to use sensitive antibiotics according to the
pathogen.
(2) antiviral therapy is currently no effective antiviral
drugs, and the abuse of antiviral influenza virus can cause drug resistance. So
if there is no fever, normal immune function, the incidence of patients
generally do not need more than two days of application. Immunocompromised
patients can be routinely used early. Broad-spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin
and oseltamivir against influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses and
respiratory syncytial virus, there is a strong inhibitory effect, can shorten
the course.
With detoxification and anti-viral medicine may also choose
to help improve symptoms and shorten the course. Xiaochaihu granules, isatis
applied more widely.
Prognosis
The disease is mild, short course, is self-limiting disease,
most patients with good prognosis. But a handful of elderly, infirm, underlying
diseases, especially in patients with severe chronic lung diseases such as
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), could cause serious complications
poor prognosis.
Prevention URTI
1. Avoid incentives
Avoid cold, rain, fatigue; avoid colds contact with the
patient, to avoid dirty hands touching the mouth, eyes, nose. Frail elderly
susceptible should pay attention to protection, upper respiratory tract
infection prevalence should wear masks, avoid crowded public places accessible.
2. enhance physical fitness
Adhere to moderate regular outdoor exercise, improve
immunity and tolerance to cold is the main way to prevent this disease.
3. immunomodulatory drugs and vaccines
For often, the disease in immunocompromised patients and the
elderly recurrent, can be applied as appropriate immune enhancer. At present,
in addition to influenza viruses, yet there is no vaccine against other
viruses.
